“Households with maids use 20 per cent more water”: Correlation is not causation

Careful reporting of survey findings is important. Focusing disproportionately on the observation that households with foreign domestic workers use 20 per cent more water than those without (ST, Mar. 9) – 160 litres compared to 135 litres, on a daily, per-capita basis – and attributing the higher water consumption to the hypothesis that “washing and cooking activities are done more often in homes with maids” results in two problems. First, the conflation of correlation and causation, especially when other factors potentially related to consumption, besides the number of individuals in a household, have not been adequately considered; and second, relatedly, the leap to a causal explanation without convincing empirical evidence.

Mental health

Tackling mental health issues: Improved data collection, presentation, and collaboration

Even though a survey conducted by nominated MP Anthea Ong and her team of volunteers yielded some useful insights about the accessibility and affordability of mental health treatment in Singapore, from a research perspective more data is still needed to better understand the state of mental health in the country. In fact, the concession that the survey was “not an official study aligned to rigorous standards of academic research” (ST, Mar. 5) should bring attention to the need for improved data collection, presentation, and collaboration.

Singaporeans are getting more sleep in 2020 (compared to 2019). But why?

A study by health technology company Royal Philips found that Singaporeans now get an average of 6.9 hours of sleep every night in 2020 – compared to 6.4 hours in 2019 (CNA, Mar. 13) – but beyond the descriptive information there is little explanation for the increase in the number of hours. In other words, among the 1,000 surveyed respondents*, why are they getting more sleep over the last year? As per the study findings, is it solely related to caffeine intake? More proper bedtime or wake-up schedules? Or the increase in the take-up of reading?

Father talking under the rain

“Eight in 10 eligible fathers in public service take paternity leave, higher than national rate”: Exploring (causal) explanations for higher take-up rate

In response to a parliamentary question by MP for Nee Soon GRC Louis Ng, manpower minister Josephine Teo revealed that 84 per cent of eligible fathers in the public sector make use of their paternity leave, compared to the national rate of 53 per cent (ST, Feb. 27). The ostensible talking point seemed to focus on the observation that “the public sector utilisation rate is even higher than those in Nordic countries, which are well-known for their family-friendly policies and strong support for parenthood”. Yet missing from this exposition are (causal) explanations for the phenomenon in Singapore.